African Millennium- A living legacy?

Here is a very interesting article by G Haile Michael worth reviewing at this critical moment of Ethiopian Millennium.







African Millennium: Genuine African Calendar: A Living Legacy of

African Civilization

Ethiopian Calendar is also called Geez Calendar. It is a solar Calendar. It is a Calendar developed based on the the position and state of the earth when it revolves around the sun relative to the Ethiopian land Geo-Helio position. The origin and the evolution of the Ethiopian Calendar is as mysterious as the origin and evolution of the Geez Language itself.

And As mysterious as the Axumite monument erection Technology. One thing for sure, Ethiopian Calendar is not a third hand calendar or derived from any Second Hand Calendar. I have read and read, no writer puts Ethiopian Calendar as a third hand of a second hand Calendar of Coptic or Julian except some uninformed ones. Even the oldest Cro-Magnon Calendar which said to be 9500 years old BC is perceived by some scholars to have been brought to Europe from East Africa when they first emigrated. There is no any well-grounded fact for an Ethiopian Calendar to be Coptic or Julian except assumptions from the uninformed due to the fact that these calendars are not Calendars themselves.


1. Coptic Calendar ( Alexanderian Calendar)


The coptic Calendar is used by the Coptic Orthodox church. This Calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian Calendar. To avoid the Calendar creep of the original, a reform of the ancient Egyptian Calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III ( decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth epagomenal day, every 4th year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC. When the Roman



Augustus formally reformed the Calendar of Egypt, kept it forever synchronized with the newly introduced Julian Calendar. To distinguish it from the ancient Egyptian Calendar, which remained in use by some Egyptian Pharaoh Astronomers until medieval times, this

reformed ancient Egyptian Calendar is knows as the coptic Calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian Calendar, but have different numbers and names. The Ethiopian Calendar is an independent Calendar.



2. Julian Calendar:


The Julian Calendar was introduced in 45 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC after his death as a memento bearing his name. It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexanderia and was probably customized to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to February every four years. Hence the Julian Year is on average 365.25 years long and the new Julian Calendar was assumed every August 29th. The Romans named the Calendar Julian as a tribute to Julian Caesar. Julian Caesar was given the 5th month as a second tribute bearing his name Julius for July in 44 BC right after his death. The sixth month was named after emperor Augustus for August in 8 BC in memory of the Fall of Alexandria to the Romans in the event of his rising to power. The Julian Calendar was reformed 1582 to form the Gregorian Calendar which the western world is using now.


3. Ancient Egyptian Calendar:

The ancient civil Egyptian Calendar, known as, the “Annus Vagus” or “Wandering Year”, had a year that was 365 days long, consisting of 12 months of 30 days each , plus 5 extra days at the end of the year. The months were divided into three “weeks” of ten days each. For much of the Egyptian History, the months were not given individual names,but rather were numbered within the three seasons. As early as the middle kingdom, however, each month was given its own name. These finally evolved into the New Kingdom

months, which in turn gave rise to the Hellenized names that was used among others for chronology by Ptolemy in his Almagest Astronomers, in the middle ages used it as well because of its mathematical regularity. Copernicus for example constructed his table based on the Egyptian Pharaonic Calendar. It is believed that this Calendar had been being used since the reign of the First Dynasty king, King Djer.


4. The 25 Pharaohs Dynasty: Who are the 25 Pharaohs

Dynasties


Pharaohs of ancient Egypt from the early dynasty period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became the province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC. Note that the dates given must be regarded in most instances as

approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various.


Archaic Period:


The archaic period includes the early dynastic period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the first and second dynasties.


Early Dynastic Lower Egypt:


Lower Egypt, knows as the “black land”consisted of the Northern Nile and the Nile Delta.



Name of

kings
Comments
Date
My Comments

Tiu

?


Thesh

?


Hsekiu

?


Wazner

Crc. 3100 BC


Early Dynastic Upper Egypt:


Upper Egypt, knows as the “ Red Land”, consisted of the Southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete or there are many more of uncertain existence.


Name
Comments
Date
My comments

Serekt 1
Oldest tomb
c. 3200 BC?

Iry-Hor
Uncertain kingship
c. 3100 BC


Ka
____
c. 3100 BC


King Scorpion
uncertain
c. 3100 BC


Narmer
The king who united Upper

Lower Egypt
c. 3100 BC


First Dynasty

The First Dynasty ruled from c.3050 BC to 2890 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Menes
Potentially the same person as Narmer, Hor-Aha, Serket II, or any combination of the three.
contingent upon identity


Hor-Aha


Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.


c. 3050 BC

Djer
—
41 years

Merneith
Regent for Den
—

Djet
—
23 years

Den
—
14 to 20.1 years

Anedjib
—
10 years

Semerkhet
—
9 years

Qa'a
—
2916?–2890



Second Dynasty
The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Hotepsekhemwy
—
2890–?

Raneb
—
39 years

Nynetjer
—
40 years

Wneg
—
8 years

Senedj
—
20 years

Seth-Peribsen
—
17 years

Sekhemib-Perenmaat
—


Khasekhemwy
?–2686 BC
17 to 18 years


Old Kingdom
The Old Kingdom is period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2630–2151 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".


Third Dynasty
The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Sanakhte
—
2686-2668

Djoser
Commissioned the Step Pyramid designed by Imhotep
2668–2649

Sekhemkhet
—
2649–2643

Khaba
—
2643–2637

Huni
—
2637–2613



Fourth Dynasty
The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).

Nomen (Praenomen)
Comments
Dates

Sneferu
Built the Bent Pyramid, which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body.
2613–2589

Khufu
Greek form: Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another.
2589–2566

Djedefra (Radjedef)
—
2566–2558


Khafra
Greek form: Chephren
2558–2532

—
here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho
—

Menkaura
Greek form: Mycerinus
2532–2503

Shepseskaf
–
2503–2498

—
here some authorities insert Thampthis, following Manetho
—


Fifth Dynasty
The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Userkaf
—
2498–2491

Sahure
—
2487–2477



Neferirkare Kakai



2477–2467

Shepseskare Isi
—
2467–2460

Neferefre
—
2460–2453

Nyuserre Ini
—
2453–2422

Menkauhor Kaiu
—
2422–2414

Djedkare Isesi
—
2414–2375

Unas
—
2375–2345


] Sixth Dynasty
The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Teti
—
2345–2333

Userkare
—
2333–2332


Pepi I Meryre
—

2332–2283

Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
—
2283–2278

Pepi II Neferkare
Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings.
2278–2184

Neferka(a child)
Only mentiioned in the redford. Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-reigner.
2200–2199

Nefer
Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to turin canon
2197–2193

Aba
4yrs 2mths.Reign dates dont follow turan canon. Highly unlikely.
2293–2176

Unknown King
Unknown king attested here


Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Uncertain pharaoh.
2184

Nitiqret
A supposed female ruler.
2184–2181

First intermediate period
The First Intermediate Period is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by ineffeciency because of his advanced age.

The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, however, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.

Around 2055 BC, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html)

Name
Comments
Dates


Neferkara I
-

Neferkara Nebi
-

Djedkara Shemai
-

Neferkara Khendu
-

Some authorities place here Merenhor


Neferkamin Seneferka
-

Nikara
-

Neferkara Tereru
-

Neferkahor
-

Neferkara Pepyseneb
-

Neferkamin Anu
-


Qakare Ibi
-


Neferkara II
-


Neferkawhor Khuwihap
-


Neferirkara
-


Ninth Dynasty
The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)
-
2160– ?

Meribre Khety II
-
?

Neferkare III
-
?

Nebkaure (Acthoes II)
-
?

Setut
-
?

Wakhare Khety I
-
?

Merykare
-
?

Wankhare Khety II
-
?

Menethoupe I
-
?

Wankhare Khety III
-
?

Khety II
-
?

Khety II's daughter
-
?

Merikare's daughter
-
? –2130



Tenth Dynasty
The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Meryhathor
—
2130– ?

Neferkare IV
—
?

Wankare (Acthoes III)
—
?

Merykare
—
?

—
—
? –2040

Eleventh Dynasty
The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Intef I
—
2134–2117

Intef II
—
2117–2069



Intef III
—
2069–2060

Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I
Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins.
2060–2010

Sankhkare Mentuhotep II
—
2010–1998

Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III
—
1997–1991


Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to be beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.

Twelfth Dynasty
The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.


Name
Comments
Dates

Amenemhat I
—
1991–1962

Senusret I (Sesostris I)
—
1971–1926

Amenemhat II
—
1929–1895

Senusret II (Sesostris II)
—
1897–1878

Senusret III (Sesostris III)
Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs.
1878–1860

Amenemhat III
—
1860–1815

Amenemhat IV
Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.
1815–1807

Sobekneferu
A rare female ruler.
1807–1803


Second intermediate period
The Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties.


The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dudimose I.

Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia

Thirteenth Dynasty
The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1803 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty


Name

Comments

Dates

Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep or Wegaf
Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is attested by several Nile Records and Papyri.


1803–1799 4 yrs.

Sekhemkare
Amenemhat V Senebef, brother of Sekhemre Khutawy. 3 Yrs.
—

Amenemhat
—
1795–1792

Sehetepre
—
? –1790

Iufni
—
?

Seankhibre
—
?

Semenkare
—
?

Sehetepre
—
?

Sewadjkare
—
?

Nedjemibre
7 months
?

Sobekhotep I
—
?

Renseneb
4 months
c. 1775

Awybre Hor I?
—
c. 1775?

Sedjefakare
A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.
c. 5 to 7 yrs.

Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
Compare Wegaf
c. 1767

Khendjer
Minimum 4 yrs and 3 months
c. 1765

Imyremeshaw
—
?

Antef V
—
?

Sobekhotep III
4 years and 2 months
c. 1755

Neferhotep I
11 years
1751–1740

Sobekhotep IV
10 or 11 years
1740–1730

Sobekhotep V
—
c. 1730

Wahibre Ibiau
10 years & 8 months
c. 1725–1714

Merneferre Ai
23 years & 8 months
c. 1714–1691

Merhetepre Ini
2 years & 2 months
?


Seankhenre Sewadtjew
—
?

Mersekhemre Ined
—
?

Sewadjkare Hori
—
?

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Name
Comments
Dates

Dudimose I
—
c. 1654

Dudimose II
—
?

Senebmiu
—
?

Mentuhotep V
—
?

Senaayeb
—
?


Fourteenth Dynasty
The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris), that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Nehesy
-
c. 1705

Khakherewre ?
-
?

Nebefawre
-
c. 1704

Sehebre ?
-
?

Merdjefare
-
c. 1699

Sewadjkare ?
-
?

Nebdjefare
-
c. 1694

Webenre ?
-
?

?
-
?

—djefare ?
-
?

—webenre
-
c. 1690

The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.

Fifteenth Dynasty
The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyskos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates



Sheshi
Ruled either 1 or 3 years
1674- ?

Yakubher
-
?

Khyan
-
30-40 Years

Apepi I
-
40 Years or more

Khamudy
-
? -1535


Sixteenth Dynasty
The Sixteenth Dynasty was a local group based on the north coast of the Sinai (Pelusium) and ruled from 1663 to around 1555 BC:

Nomen (Praenomen)
Comments
Dates

-
name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered
-

Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy)
–
3 y

Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy)
–
16 y

Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy)
–
1 y

Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra)
–
1 y

Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra)
–
26 y

Nebiryraw II
–
3 m?

– (Semenra)
–
1 y?

Bebiankh (Sewoserenra)
–
12 y

– (Sekhemreshedwaset)
–
3 m?


names of five kings are lost here in the Turin



King List, and cannot be recovered
-
Some sources include as many as six more names – Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III) – who are not attested elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.


Seventeenth Dynasty
The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw
-
1650- ?

Intef V the Elder
-
3 years

Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat
-
?

Antef VII Nubkheperre
-


Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat
-
-

Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw
-
-

Thuty
-
1 year

Mentuhotep VI
-
1 year

Nebiryerawet I
-
6 years

Nebiryerawet II
-
?

Semenmedjatre
-
?

Seuserenre
-
12 years

Shedwast
-
?

Intef VII
-
3 or more years

Tao I the Elder (ie: Senakhtenre)
-
c. 1558

Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)
-
c. 1558-1554

Kamose
-
1554-1549


New Kingdom
The New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth Dynasty
The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from 1550 to 1295 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Ahmose I, Ahmosis I
Successor to Kamose, above.
1550-1525

Amenhotep I
-
1525-1504

Thutmose I
-
1504-1492

Thutmose II
-
1492-1479

Thutmose III
Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the Levant.
1479-1425

Hatshepsut
The second known Female ruler. Her statues often show her as a man, with the false beard and no sign that she was a woman. The reason for her death is unknown.
1473-1458

Amenhotep II
-
1425-1400

Thutmose IV
-
1400-1388

Amenhotep III
-
1388-1352

Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten
Founder of brief period of monotheism (Atenism) His original name means "Amun is pleased."
1352-1334

Smenkhkare
Possible coregent with Akhenaten.
1334-1333

Tutankhamun
Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the polytheistic



religion.
1333-1324

Kheperkheprure Ay
-
1324-1320

Horemheb
Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye).
1320-1292


Nineteenth Dynasty
The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1295 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:

Name
Comments
Dates

Ramesses I
-
1292-1290

Seti I
-
1290-1279

Ramesses II the Great
The ruler usually associated with Moses, though with very little evidence to support this. Reached a stalemate with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the earliest known peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC.
1279-1213

Merneptah
A stele describing his campaigns in Libya and Palestine contains the first known reference to the Israelites.
1213-1203

Amenemses
-
1203-1200

Seti II
-
1200-1194

Merneptah Siptah
-
1194-1188

Tausret
A rare female ruler also known as pielady in some places
1188-1186


Twentieth Dynasty
The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1185 to 1070 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Setnakhte
-
1186-1183

Ramesses III
Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC.
1183-1152

Ramesses IV
-
1152-1146



Ramesses V
-
1146-1142

Ramesses VI
-
1142-1134

Ramesses VII
-
1134-1126

Ramesses VIII
-
1126-1124

Ramesses IX
-
1124-1106

Ramesses X
-
1106-1102

Ramesses XI
- stripped of power by High Priest of Amun Herihor
1102-1069


Third intermediate period
The Third Intermediate Period marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-first Dynasty
The Twenty-first Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 945 BC

Name
Comments
Dates

Nesbanebdjed I
Also known as Smendes I ( Smendes )
1069-1043

Amenemnisu
-
1043-1039

Psusennes I
-
1039-991

Amenemope
-
993-984

Osorkon the Elder
- *( Osochor )
984-978

Siamun
-
978-959

Psusennes II
-
959-945


Twenty-second Dynasty
The pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 945 to 720 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Shoshenq I
The biblical Shishaq
945-924

Osorkon I
-
924-889

Shoshenq II
-
890-890/889


Takelot I
-
889-874

Harsiese
A rebel, at Thebes
875-862

Osorkon II
-
874-834

Shoshenq III
-
834-795

Shoshenq IV
-
795-782

Pami
-
782-776

Shoshenq V
-
776-740

Osorkon IV
-
740-720


Twenty-third Dynasty
The Twenty-third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Leontopolis, that ruled from 836 to 720 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Takelot II
Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd
837-813

Pedubast
A rebel- seized Thebes from Takelot II
826-801

Iuput I
-
812-811

Shoshenq VI
Successor to Pedubast
801-795

Osorkon III
Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king
795-767

Takelot III
-
773-765

Rudamun
-
765-762

Iuput II
-
762-728


The Libu
Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Inamunnifnebu
-
805-795

?
-
795-780

Niumateped
-
780-755

Titaru
-
763-755

Ker
-
755-750

Rudamon
-
750-745

Ankhor
-
745-736

Tefnakht
-
736-732



Twenty-fourth Dynasty
The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Tefnakhte
-
732-725

Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)
-
725-720


Late period
The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.

Twenty-fifth Dynasty ( the last Ethiopian Dynasty in Egypt )
Nubians invaded Egypt in 732 BC and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Name
Comments
Dates

Piye
King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years
752-721

Shabaka
-
721-707

Shebitku
Synchronism with Sargon II of Assyria establshes his accession date at 707/706 BC
707-690

Taharqa ( the last Ethiopian King in Egypt)
-
690-664

Tantamani

664-653


They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).

Twenty-sixth Dynasty
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.

Name
Comment
Dates

Necho I
-
672 – 664 BC

Psamtik I
-
664 – 610 BC

Necho II
-
610 – 595 BC

Psamtik II
-
595 – 589 BC




Wahibre
-

589 – 570 BC



Ahmose II
-
570 – 526 BC

Psammetichus III
-
526 – 525 BC


Twenty-seventh Dynasty
Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:

Name
Comments
Dates

Cambyses II
-
525 – 521 BC

Smerdis the Usurper
-
522 – 521 BC

Darius I the Great
-
521 – 486 BC

Xerxes I the Great
-
486 – 465 BC

Artabanus the Hyrcanian
-
465 – 464 BC

Artaxerxes I Longhand
-
464 – 424 BC

Xerxes II
claimant
424 – 423 BC

Sogdianus
claimant
424 – 423 BC

Darius II

424 – 404 BC


Twenty-eighth Dynasty
The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:

Name
Comments
Dates

Amyrtaeus
Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians
404 – 398 BC


Twenty-ninth Dynasty
The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:


Name
Comments
Dates

Nefaarud I
Also known as Nepherites
398 – 393 BC


Psammuthes
-
393 BC

Hakor (Achoris)
-
393 – 380 BC

Nefaarud II
-
380 BC


Thirtieth Dynasty
The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Nectanebo I
Also known as Nekhtnebef
380 – 362 BC

Teos of Egypt
-
362 – 360 BC

Nectanebo II
-
360 – 343 BC


Thirty-first Dynasty
Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Name
Comments
Dates

Artaxerxes III
Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time
343–338 BC

Artaxerxes IV Arses
Only reigned in Lower Egypt
338–336 BC

Khabbabash
Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt
338–335 BC

Darius III Codomannus
Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC
336–332 BC


Argead Dynasty
The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Name
Comments
Dates

Alexander III the Great
Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt
332–323 BC



Philip III Arrhidaeus




Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great


323–317 BC

Alexander IV of Macedon
Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana
317–309 BC



Ptolemaic Dynasty
The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency):

Name
Comments
Dates

Ptolemy I Soter
Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC
305–285 BC

Berenice I
Wife of Ptolemy I
?-285 BC

Ptolemy II Philadelphos
-
288–246 BC

Arsinoe I
Wife of Ptolemy II
284/81-ca. 274 BC

Arsinoe II
Wife of Ptolemy II
277-270 BC

Ptolemy III Euergetes I
-
246–222 BC

Berenice II
Wife of Ptolemy III
244/3-222 BC

Ptolemy IV Philopator
-
222–204 BC

Arsinoe III
Wife of Ptolemy IV
220-204 BC

Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC
204–180 BC

Cleopatra I
Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority
193-176 BC

Ptolemy VI Philometor
Died 145 BC
180–164 BC

Cleopatra II
Wife of Ptolemy VI
173-164 BC

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC
171–163 BC

Ptolemy VI Philometor
Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC
163-145 BC



Cleopatra II




Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt.


163-127 BC

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II
144-145 BC

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Restored
145-131 BC



Cleopatra III


Second wife of Ptolemy VIII

142-131 BC

Ptolemy Memphitis
Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII
131 BC

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Restored
127-116 BC

Cleopatra III
Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.
127-107 BC

Cleopatra II
Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.
124-116 BC

Ptolemy IX Soter II
Died 80 BC
116–110 BC

Cleopatra IV
Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III
116-115 BC

Ptolemy X Alexander I
Died 88 BC
110–109 BC

Ptolemy IX Soter II
Restored
109–107 BC

Ptolemy X Alexander I
Restored
107–88 BC

Ptolemy IX Soter II
Restored again
88–81 BC

Berenice III
Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later
81-80 BC

Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III
80 BC

Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)
Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC
80–58 BC

Cleopatra V Tryphaena
Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV
?-57 BC

Cleopatra VI
Daughter of Ptolemy XII
?-58 BC

Berenice IV
Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled
58–55 BC

Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death
55–51 BC

Cleopatra VII




Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra
51–30 BC

Ptolemy XIII
Brother of Cleopatra VII
51–47 BC

Arsinoe IV
In opposition to Cleopatra VII
48-47 BC

Ptolemy XIV
Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII
47–44 BC



Ptolemy XV Caesarion


Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra
44–30 BC


Rome
Cleopatra VII had an affair with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar, and Roman General Marc Anthony, but it wasn't until after her suicide in 30 BC (after Marc Anthony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be the emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. See the list of Roman emperors.

References
· Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.



Biblical Evidence of Pharaohs Identity



Pharaoh is the common biblical title for kings of Egypt, a synonym for

“ his majesty”. Many Pharaohs are mentioned the in the old Testament. The Pharaohs were not Arabs, but blacks, there are many citations in the old testament that the Pharaohs were actually Ethiopian rulers. I have been curious for long to know the identity of the Pharaohs. Although there are no any studies from the side of Ethiopian history. In Egypt there is Egyptology which studies ancient Egypt. I have meticulously studied the history of ancient Egypt.



None of the secular scientists who studied about Egypt or excavated all the Egyptian tombs, tablets, statues, potteries , mamis ... are able to determine the identity of the Pharaohs with absolute accuracy or certainty.. The good thing is that even the secular scientists have put it clearly that the 25 dynasties who





ruled Egypt from about c. 3200 BC to c. 665 are Ethiopians or Nubians. Arab writers or Egyptians themselves admit that they are Ethiopians but they have stated in many of their archives, the ancient Ethiopian or Cushite Pharaohs have nothing to do with the present Ethiopia which I believe is subjective than objective. However, the westerners or the Arabs can write what they think, but they could not change the immutable concrete imagery of the Pharaohs as black People. The biblical Abraham lived circa 1991 – 1778 BC. The contemporary of Abraham would have been one of the kings of the 12th dynasty ( Gn 12:15ff). Joseph's Pharaoh was one of the Hyksos ( descent of the Avaris or Cush ) kings of the 15th dynasty circa 1700 BC ( Gn37:50). The

Pharaohs of the Exodus, Moses' Exodus were circa 1400 BC. We all know that Moses was adopted by one of the Pharaohs daughter. He was nurtured and brought up in the Pharaohs Palaces. We all know Moses married from the Pharaohs Royal Class and had two sons. We all know from the Mosaic book or from the old testament that his wife Zipora was a black Ethiopian. We know Mariam Moses' sister was angry with Moses for marrying the black Ethiopian. God punished Mariam was leprosy for being racist and for discriminating Zipora. This is an evident that 1400 BC, the Pharaohs were Ethiopians.



Further, circa 800 BC, Prophet Jeremia was persecuted by his own people and thrown to die in a cistern or into a muddy well when he could not rescue himself, but he was rescued by an Ethiopian Pharaohs Royal official called Ebed-Melech who saved Prophet Jeremia from a death pit.



Moreover, we know that King Hezekiah of Israel was rescued by general and king, Zerah of the Ethiopian Pharaohs from the Assyrian attack because

God promised to king Hezekiah that he will bring a mighty force to protect him which did. There was another Ethiopian Pharaohs king who had attempted to conquer Jerusalem armed with one million ground soldiers but who was defeated because Jerusalem was favored by God and almost all the Ethiopian soldiers perished in the desert. Actually that Ethiopian defeat was a big blow to Ethiopian influence in the middle east and in the rest of the world. Thus there are many biblical evidences that the Pharaohs are Ethiopians. The Pharaohs monuments are also another living witness of Ethiopian presence in Egypt because the Pharaohs monuments are an exact replica of the Axumite monuments in architecture. They might differ in the script they bear but the same architecture.









My curiosity to study the Pharaohs has been piqued by my special interest to know the origin of Ethiopian Calendar. This is based on the fact Ethiopian Calendar is neither Coptic nor Julian .



The Coptic or Alexandrian Calendar was cloned from the Egyptian Calendar in 328 BC. And there is no any reason which makes Ethiopians Calendar a Coptic Calendar. The Alexandrian themselves did not have any knowledge of astronomy before they controlled Egypt. The Pharaohs dynasty ended c. 665 BC when the Ethiopian king Tirakeh was defeated by the Arabs. The Arabs looted Pharaohs dynasty scientific knowledge, and they were subsequently

conquered by the Hellenic fledgling conquerors c. 630. In return they collected all the manuscripts of the pharaohs and from the Arabs. Then the Hellenics mulled over the Pharaohs scientific knowledge which lead to the school of Pythagoras, Euclidean space and geometry and Archimedes Principle....



Julian Calendar, Julian Caesar is a Roman despot or dictator who for the first time created the Roman Empire. He was the father of the Roman Empire. There was no Rome before him. Julian Caesar was consulting the Alexandrian Astronomer Sosigenes to clone for him a Calendar from the Egyptian one in the same way as that of the Alexandrian Clone. He got his customized cloned Calendar. He died before he used it in 44 BC. After his death, the Calender came into effect bearing his name in 45 BC. Thus Romans did not have any scientific knowledge at that time leave alone to inspire Ethiopian Calendar, even if to inspire their own Calendar. They just forged the Egyptian Calendar. They even called themselves the Pharaohs of Rome without any shame.



Throughout all my readings, I am very grateful to the writers, none of the writers mentioned Ethiopian Calendar as Coptic or Julian. They all have only mentioned Ethiopian Calendar to relate the similarity of Ethiopian Calendar with the other Calendars. Ethiopia has been independent from the beginning and it is falsity to say Ethiopian Calendar is Alexandrian because there is no even Alexandrian Calendar except an Egyptian. Ethiopia has never been under Alexandria. Ethiopia has never been under Rome. Most of the writers even do not know the where about of Ethiopia except the name they find by their research in Egypt. They even do not know from where the Nile comes from. None of all the writers have mentioned the where about the source of the Nile









while they have been writing tones of papers. Then why do we Ethiopian expect them to tell us our history and even our Calendar. No historian has written Ethiopian Calendar as Coptic or Julian. But I see some Ethiopians writing false information without any prior study. I suggest those of who you do not know about the Calendar, please do not write or post wrong information to the public by pretending as you know.



Europeans learned little new information of about the origin of the Nile until the 15th and 16th Centuries. When travelers to Ethiopian visited not only Lake Tana, but also also the source Blue Nile in the mountains south of the Lake.

Although [James Bruce] claimed to have been the first European to have visited the headwaters,, and modern writers with better knowledge give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Paez Europeans had been resident in the country since the late 15th century, and it is entirely possible one of them had visited the headwaters, but was not unable to send a report of his discoveries out of Ethiopia.



In conclusion, according to my objective research, Ethiopian Calendar is neither Coptic nor Julian because both of them are cloned from the Egyptian in their contemporary colonial time. I have done fine research to find out the relationship between the Egyptian Calendar and Ethiopian Calendar. Although there is no really difference between the Ethiopian Calendar and Egyptian except the Egyptian one did not have name until the medieval time. Probably no one was able to retrieve the old name of the Calendar because the Calendar was in many hands while Egypt was in many Colonizers hand. Since the Egyptian Calendar started with the Ethiopian occupation of Egypt, I have drawn the inference that Ethiopian Calendar was introduced to Egypt. And there is astronomical differences in the Geo-Helio position of Egypt of the Pharaohs and the proper Ethiopia when the earth revolves around the sun and there are different seasons in Egypt and Ethiopia. It is most likely the Ethiopian Calendar was customized with local astronomical phenomena of Egyptian settings.



Thus Ethiopian Calendar is an independent mother Calendar of all the cloned Calendars. Ethiopians, you must not expect other people to tell you about you Calendar like Hannah Beech. You must take pride of your unique calendar which is a living legacy of your mother-land's unique history as a cradle of human and civilization.







The dictum that Ethiopian Calendar came with Christianity in 3rd AD is a falsehood. Actually Christianity came to Ethiopia long before that in the first century AD, not in the 3rd AD. When did Philip baptize the Ethiopian Eunuch at the river Jordan? It was in the 1st AD. There are many other biblical evidences that Christianity came to Ethiopia in the 1st AD, not in the 3rd AD.



Gezaee Hailemicahael

May 20, 2007